Complete Laboratory Equipment
1. Resistivity of Semiconductors by Four Probe Method at Different Temperatures and Determination of the Band-Gap,
This experiment consists of:
(a) Four Probe Arrangement (Spring Type)
(b) Oven : upto 200oC
(c) Sample: Ge Crystal N or P type
(d) Thermometer (0-200oC)
(e) Digital Four Probe Set-up, Model DFR-02, This unit consists of:
(i) Multirange Electronic Millivoltmeter
Range : X1 (0-200 mV) and X10 (0-2 V)
Resolution : 100 µV at x 1 range
Input Impedance : 1 M ohm
Accuracy : + 0.2% of the reading + 1digit
Display : 3 ½ digits, 7 segment, LED display
(ii) Constant Current Source
Current : 0-20 mA or as required
Open circuit voltage: 18 V
Load Regulation : 0.03% for no load to full load
Line Regulation : 0.05% for 10% mains variation
Accuracy : + 0.25% of the reading + 1digit
(iii) Oven Power Supply : To provide suitable voltage for the oven with a provision for L & H rates of heating
Complete in all respect.
2. Measurement of Resistivity of Very Low to Highly Resistive Samples by Four Probe Method at Different
Temperatures,
This experiment consists of:
(a) Four Probe Arrangement
(b) Constant Current Source, Model CS-02 (for low to medium resistive samples)
Open Circuit Voltage : 10 volts
Current Range : 0-20 mA and 0-200 mA
Resolution : 10 µA
Accuracy : + 0.25% of the reading + 1 digit
Display : 3 ½ digits, 7 segment, LED display
Load Regulation : 0.05% for no to full load
Line Regulation : 0.1 % for 10% mains variation
(c) Constant Current Source, Model CS-01 (for high resistivity samples)
Open Circuit Voltage : 15 volts
Current Range : 0-20 µA and 0 -200 mA
Resolution : 100 nA
Accuracy : + 0.25% of the reading + 1 digit
Display : 3 ½ digits, 7 segment, LED display
Load Regulation : 0.05% for no to full load
Power : 9 V batteries
(d) PID Controlled Oven
Temperature Range : Room temperature to 200oC
Resolution : 0.2 oC
Short Range Stability : + 0.4 o C
Long Range Stability : + 0.5 oC
Accuracy : + 0.5 oC
Oven : Suitable for this experiment
Sensor : RTD (Class A)
Display : 3 ½ digits, 7 segment, LED display
Power : 150 Watt
(e) D.C. Microvoltmeter, Model MV-02 (refer item No.4)
Complete in all respect.
3. Hall Effect Experiment
(a) Hall Probe (Ge crystal)
Material : Ge single crystal
Type : N-type or P-type
Contacts : Spring type
Hall Voltage : 30-50 mV/10 mA/K Gauss
(b) Digital Hall Effect Set-up, Model DHE-20
This unit consists of:
(i) Digital Millivoltmeter
Range : 0-200 mV
Resolution : 100 µV
Input Impedance : 1 M ohm
Accuracy : + 0.1% of the reading + 1 digit
Special Feature : Auto zero and polarity indicator
(ii) Constant Current Source
Current Range : 0-20 mA or as required
Display : 3 ½ digits, 7 segment, LED display
Accuracy : + 0.5% of the reading + 1 digit
Load Regulation : + 0.05% for no to full load
Line Regulation : + 0.05% for 10% mains variation
Power : 220 V + 10%, 50Hz
(c) Electromagnet refer (item No. 16 or 19)
(d) Constant Current Source refer (item No. 17 or 20)
(e) Digital Gaussmeter refer (item No. 7)
(f) Wooden Stand for Hall Probe.
Complete in all respect
4. To Study the Dependence of Hall Coefficient on Temperature
This experiment consists of:
(a) Hall Probe Ge crystal (p-type)
(b) Oven upto 100o C mounted over the crystal
(c) Temperature sensor
(d) Hall Effect Set-up Model DHE-21
The set-up consists of two sub unit housed in one unit
(A) For measurement of probe current and voltage consists of
(i) Digital Millivoltmeter
(ii) Constant current source
For detailed specifications please refer (item 39 b (i) & (ii))
(B) For measurement of thermo emf and heater current
(i) Digital Millivoltmeter:
Range : 0-20 mV
Resolution : 10 µV
Input Impedance : 1 M ohm
Accuracy : + 0.1% of the reading + 1 digit
(ii) Constant Current Power Supply:
Current Range : Current 1 Amp
Display : 3 ½ digit, 7 segment, LED display
Accuracy : + 0.5% of the reading + 1 digit
Load Regulation : + 0.05% for no to full load
Line Regulation : + 0.05% for 10% mains variation
(e) Electromagnet (refer item No. 16 or 19)
(f) Constant Current Source (refer item No.17 or 20)
(g) Digital Gaussmeter (refer item No. 7)
(h) Wooden Stand for Hall Probe
Complete in all respect.
5. Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometer, Model ESR-03
This experiment consists of:
(a) Helmholtz Coils with an attachment for the sample
(b) Sample : DPPH
(c) R.F. Oscillator : 12 MHz to 18 MHz
Complete in all respect, except CRO.
6. Measurement of Magnetoresistance of Semiconductors
This experiment consists of :
(a) Four Probe Arrangement
(b) Sample: Ge Crystal (P type)
(c) Magneto resistance set-up, Model MR-01, consisting of:
(i) Multirange Electronic Millivoltmeter
Range : 200 mV
Resolution : 100 µV minimum
Accuracy : + 0.2% of reading + 1 digit
Display : 3 ½ digit, 7 segment, LED display
(ii) Constant Current Source
Current : 0 - 20 mA
Resolution : 10 µA
Accuracy : + 0.2% of reading + 1 digit
Open circuit voltage: 18 volt
Load Regulation : 0.02% for no to full load
Line Regulation : + 0.05% for 10% mains variation
(d) Electromagnet refer (item No. 16 or 19)
(e) Constant Current Source (refer item No.17 or 20)
(f) Digital Gaussmeter (refer item No. 7)
Complete in all respect.
7. Study of Dielectric Constant and Measure Curie Temperature of Ferroelectric Ceramics
(by temperature & P-E loop method)
This experiment consists of:
(a) Two Probe Arrangement
(b) Sample BaTiO3
(c) Oven: 0 - 200oC (temperature controlled)
(d) Dielectric constant Set-up consisting of:
(i) Temperature Controller (for Oven)
Temperature Range : Ambient to 200oC
Display : 3 ½ digit, 7 segment, LED display
Resolution : 0.1 oC
Accuracy : + 0.5 oC (typical)
Stability : 0.1 oC
Power : 150 Watts
(ii) Digital Capacitance Meter
Range : 50 - 6000 pF
Resolution : 1 pF
Display : 3 ½ digit, 7 segment, LED display
(iii) P-E Loop Tracer
Accessories Required:
(i) Measuring CRO with X-Y mode facility
8. Magnetic Hysteresis Loop Tracer, Model HLT-11
Following magnetic properties of ferromagnetic samples can be studied
(a) Coercivity
(b) Saturation Magnetization
(c) Retentivity
(d) The Numbers of Phases Present
Complete with long solenoid, its power supply with panel meter directly calibrated in gauss; sample holder with pick up coil & one
set of samples in wire form (hard steel, soft steel & nickel), except CRO
9. Apparatus for Measurement of Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Substance in the form of Solution by Quinck’s Tube
Method.
This experiment consists of:
(a) Quinck’s Tube with Stand
(b) Sample : FeCl3
(c) Digital Gaussmeter (refer item No. 7)
(d) Electromagnet (refer item No. 18)
(e) Traveling Microscope (refer item No.31)
(f) Constant Current Source (refer item No. 20)
Complete in all respect.
10. Study of the Energy Band-Gap and Diffusion Potential of P-N Junctions, the following studies can be carried out on
any p-n junction, Ge/Si rectifiers, LED’s base on emitter/collector –base of transistor
(a) Reverse Saturation Current (Io)
(b) Temperature Coefficient of Junction Voltage
(c) Energy Band-Gap
(d) Junction Capacitance
Complete in all respect, including power supplies, temperature controlled oven and two digital meters for measurement of
current, voltage and temperature.
Accessories Required:
(i) CRO or A.C. Millivoltmeter (refer item no. 6)
11. To Study the Thermoluminescence of F-Centers in Alkali Halides Crystals
This experiment consists of:
(a) Thermoluminescence Set-up for creating Thermoluminescence
(i) Black Box
(ii) Thermometer (0-150oC )
(iii) Oven up to 150 oC
(iv) Oven Supply
(v) Sample KCl and KBr Single Crystal with Holder
(b) Photomultiplier Tube 931-A (RCA)
(c) PMT Housing with biasing circuit and connecting cables
(d) High Voltage Power Supply, Model HV-15 (refer item No.9)
(f) Digital Nanoammeter, Model NM-20 (refer item No.2)
Complete in all respect, with manual, only the X-ray unit is required to create the F-centers in the crystals.
12. To Study the Photo-Electric Effect & Determine the Value of Planck’s Constant ‘h’
This experiment consists of:
(a) Vacuum Photocell : with housing and mount
(b) Optical filter : set of 5 filters
(c) Source : Mercury Vapour Lamp with wooden housing & choke complete assembly
(d) Optical bench : 50 cm long twin bar
(e) Digital Planck’s constant Set-Up Model PC-02, This unit consists of the following:
(i) Regulated Power Supply
Output : 0 - 2 volt continuously variable
Regulation : + 0.2% from zero to full load
Resolution : 1 mV
Display : 3 ½ digit, 7 segment, LED display
(ii) Nanoammeter
Range : 0 - 200 nA. or as required
Resolution : 100 pA.
Display : 3 ½ digit, 7 segment, LED display
Power : 220 V + 10%, 50Hz
Complete in all respect, with manual and one set of test results.
13. Determination of Planck’s Constant ‘h’ by LED, Model PCL-02
This experiment consists of:
(a) Regulated Power Supply : 1.2 - 2 V smoothly adjustable
(b) Temperature Controlled Oven (0- 70oC)
(c) Optional: System to measure the wavelength of diodes using transmission grating or note it from LED data sheet
Complete in all respect, including two digital meters for measurement of current, voltage and temperature.
14. Determination of Planck’s Constant ‘h’ by Solar Cell
Complete in all respect, with variable regulated power supply (0-12 V & 2 Amp), voltmeter (0 -12 V), ammeter (0 - 2 Amp),
digital micrometer (0 - 200 uA), solar cell, filament bulb and mini optical bench.
15. e/m APPARATUS (Specific Charge of an Electron) by Magnetron Method
This experiment consists of :
(a) e/m Apparatus consists of:
(i) Regulated Power Supply
Output : 0 –10 V continuously variable
Metering : Two meters, 3 ½” size to read both voltage and current
Regulation : + 0.05 % for no to full load
Filament supply : 6.3 V a.c., 1 Amp
(ii) Constant Current Source
Current : 0 - 2.4 Amp smoothly adjustable
Metering : 3 ½” size moving coil meter
Power : 220 V + 10%, 50 Hz
(b) Valve : Fitted on base
(c) Solenoid : Length 30 cm, dia. 6.4 cm wound with uniform layer of DCC copper wire
Complete in all respect.
16. To Study the Characteristics of Photocell
This experiment consists of:
(a) Photocell with housing and mount
(b) Set of optical glass filter : 3 No.
(c) Source : (Mercury Vapour Lamp) with wooden housing & choke complete assembly
(d) Optical bench : 100 cm long twin bar (made of brass)
(e) Characteristics set up consisting of :
(i) Regulated Power Supply
Output : 0 - 50 volt continuously variable
Regulation : + 0.2% for no to full load
Display : digital
(ii) Nanoammeter
Range : 0 - 2 µA or as required
Display : 3 ½ digit, 7 segment, LED display
Power : 220 V + 10%, 50Hz
Complete in all respect.
17. Determination of Stefan’s Constant using Diode
Complete in all respect, with variable regulated power supply (0-6 volt & 1 Amp), ammeter and multirange voltmeter.
18. To Study the Characteristics of Solar Cell
The following characteristics can be studied:
(i) Illumination characteristics
(ii) Current Voltage Characteristics
(iii) Power Load characteristics
(iv) Arial characteristics
(v) Spectral characteristics
Complete in all respect, with solar cell, digital voltmeter and millimeter, decade resistance box, 100 watt bulb with intensity
control, Area chopper of different size, optical glass filter, 0-3 volt regulated power supply and optical bench.
19. To Determine Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio of Glass by Cornu’s Method
This experiment consists of:
(a) Cornu’s apparatus fitted with orbital x-y-z motion microscope
(b) One set of glass plate
(c) One set of 50 gm weight with hanger
Accessories required:
(i) Sodium vapour lamp 55 watt with housing and transformer
(ii) Screw gauge
(iii) Vernier calipers
Complete in all respect.
20. Newton’s Ring Apparatus
This apparatus consists of:
(a) Special Newton’s ring microscope with X-Y motion
(b) Newton’s ring assembly fitted with microscope
(c) One set of glass plate and plano-convex lens
Accessories required:
(i) Sodium vapor lamps 35 watt with transformer and wooden box
(ii) Spherometer
21. To Find the Focal Length of a Combination of two Lenses Separated with a Certain Distance by Nodal Slide Method
Complete in all respect, with nodal slide assembly, one set of lenses and optical bench.